Shatranj

Shatranj or Persian Chess is considered the predecessor to Chess. It originated in India and came to Persia.

Its rules are simple:

Shāh (King) moves like the king in chess.
Fers (Counsellor) Moves exactly one square diagonally, which makes it a rather weak piece. It was renamed "queen" in Europe. Even today, the word for the queen piece is ферзь (ferz) in Russian, vezér in Hungarian and vazīr in Persian. It has analogues to the guards in Xiangqi and Gold Generals in Shogi.
Rukh (Chariot) Moves like the rook in chess.
Pīl, Alfil, Aufin and similar (Elephant) Moves exactly two squares diagonally, jumping over the square between. Each Pīl could reach only one-eighth of the squares on the board, and because their circuits were disjoint, they could never capture one another. This piece might have had a different move sometimes in chaturanga, where the piece is also called "elephant". The Pīl was replaced by the bishop in modern chess. Even today, the word for the bishop piece is alfil in Spanish, alfiere in Italian, "fīl" in Persian and слон (which means elephant) in Russian. The elephant piece survives in xiangqi with the limitations that the elephant in xiangqi cannot jump over an intervening piece and is restricted to the owner's half of the board. In Janggi, its movement was changed to become a slightly further-reaching version of the horse.
Faras (Horse) Moves like the knight in chess.
Baidaq (Foot soldier) Moves and captures like the pawns in chess, but not moving two squares on the first move. When they reach the eighth rank, baidaqs are promoted, but only to fers.
There is no castling or two-space movements for pawns.
The player who delivers stalemate wins.
Capturing all the opponent's pieces except the King results in a win.

Tropes used in Shatranj include:

Gambit Pileup
Glass Cannon/One-Hit-Point Wonder
Nerf: The Fers [Queen] can only move one space diagonally.
Oh Crap/Didn't See That Coming
The Shatranj Master: You, if you're good enough. A real life example is Ardashir I, the founder of the Sassanid Empire and a master of the game.
Took a Level in Badass: The pawns can be promoted to Fers.