Frontier Doctor

"I have great respect for those of the medical profession who have taken up their position in the remote districts of Scotland and devote themselves to the healing art under most disadvantageous circumstances. The distances are incredibly long and dangerous in winter: I have in mind an insular doctor who has a great deal to do of midnight boating in glacial weather, and whose bills are often paid not in coin but in fleece off a sheep's back

Daniel Turner Holmes, Literary Tours in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland."

A physician who works in a frontier community.

While the inhabitants of The Wild West were tougher than case-hardened nails, they still could get hurt and sick. So there was a need for doctors, and the Frontier Doctor came west to fill that need. The frontier doctor needed to be tough and resourceful, since supplies were scarce, and the latest equipment was seldom at hand. He'd often be called upon to travel long distances at any hour of the day or night, and might even treat sick animals if no veterinarian was handy.

With all that said, anyone who'd leave the soft, prosperous life of a doctor in the East had to have a pretty good reason. In fiction, the Frontier Doctor is often flawed. Perhaps he is an alcoholic, or killed a man, or is a Wide-Eyed Idealist who volunteered to come west without thinking it through. Which isn't to say that the characters in a Western aren't grateful that he's there to patch up their bullet holes and cure their pox.

As the territory becomes more civilized, this character becomes "the town doctor", with better access to equipment and supplies, but not much more rest as he or she's still basically the only physician for miles.

Anime and Manga

 * Dr. Tex Farzenberg of After War Gundam X: quotes Verlaine, heals the sick, administers corrective pugilism when necessary, uses coffee to settle disputes and secretly practices billiards in the Freeden's game room at night. Truly a Renaissance Man.
 * Partially, Action Girl and Team Mom Sally Po in Gundam Wing.

Comics

 * Dr. Leonard McCoy in the aptly titled Leonard McCoy: Frontier Doctor. Set between the original Star Trek the Original Series series and Star Trek the Motion Picture, the series follows a bearded Dr. McCoy as he works with the Starfleet frontier doctors program.

Film

 * Dr. Lazarus in Outland.
 * Don Knotts plays a dental version of one of these in The Shakiest Gun In The West.
 * A Three Stooges short has the boys becoming these, at the urgings of the professor of their medical school.
 * Doc Velie in Bad Day At Black Rock.

Literature

 * On the Discworld witches perform this role in out of the way communties such as Lancre.
 * In Time Enough for Love, Lazarus Long is living on a frontier planet and has mildly unpleasant dealings with the alcoholic (and only) doctor on the planet.

Live Action TV

 * Parodied in a series of Armstrong And Miller sketches. "I work in Botswana, saving lives. Do YOU?"
 * Doc Cochran of Deadwood. Man's got an extremely curmudgeonly disposition, and a glare that'd spook the eyebrows off a Mentat, but he's a compassionate soul tryin' to hold onto some fuckin' humanity in that godforsaken camp. If people'd listen to him more often, he might actually be able to do his job. He's also got a boatload of psychological trauma from his time in the Civil War, so the man's altogether a whole barrel o' laughs.
 * Dr. Bill Baxter of the obviously-named Frontier Doctor series.
 * Dr. Michaela Quinn of Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman.
 * Simon Tam of Firefly is a Frontier Doctor In Space, down to having once worked in a Hospital Paradiso on a Core World and being driven to the Frontier by a conflict with the law.
 * A couple of episodes show more traditional versions (traditional, that is, apart from being on alien planets 500 years in the future).
 * In the first episode of Deep Space Nine, Bashir comments about his new post saying this, and offending Major Kira in the process. (This is her home, and it doesn't seem like a distant frontier to THIS restless native.) On the other hand, he does go about occasionally making house-calls to neighboring planets, (including Bajor a time or two).
 * Bashir later meets a classmate who took a prestige assignment with a starship, and she complains how boring her own assignment was as opposed to his own (the writers also uses this as a jab against The Next Generation and Voyagers problem of the week episodes compared to the arcs in Deep Space Nine).
 * Dr. McCoy in The Original Series is perhaps Trek's outstanding example of a (Final) Frontier Doctor--resourceful in the face of alien ailments, preferring simple homespun methods when possible, but cantankerous, eccentric and not entirely happy with his lot (he fled to space on the heels of a divorce). Star Trek was pretty much the original Space Western, after all, and actor DeForest Kelley had an extensive background in Westerns.
 * Arguably, everyone in a MASH unit. Hawkeye preferred calling it 'meatball surgery'.
 * Most of the Diagnosans in Farscape tend to occupy this kind of role.
 * Archie Campbell played one on Hee Haw.
 * Hiram Baker on Little House On the Prairie

Music
"Frontier Psychiatrist, The Avalanches"
 * Did I ever tell you the story about Cowboys! M-M-midgets, the indians and, Fron, Frontier Psychiatrist

"Now the doctor came in stinking of gin
 * Rocky Raccoon:

And proceeded to lie on the table"

Radio

 * "Doc" Adams of Gunsmoke. The radio version was actually Dr. Calvin Moore, who'd killed a man in a duel and changed his name to avoid the man's vengeful friends; the television version was Dr. Galen Adams, and did not have such a dark backstory.

Real Life

 * "Doc" Holliday, of Real Life and many, many fictional accounts, was a Frontier Dentist, but is far better known for his gambling and gunfighting. (His consumptive cough apparently tended to scare off clients.)
 * James Herriot sort of counts, working in a backwater community and all.

Tabletop Games

 * Most any 'healer' PC - such as a Cleric in D&D - in the vast majority of RPGs will fit the bill, although they often have access to magic in addition to gumption and bandages.

Video Games

 * Freddy Pharkas: Frontier Pharmacist