Spanish Language

""El inglés es ideal para hablar de negocios, el alemán se hizo para las ciencias, el francés es el lengua del amor y el español... Ah, el español, es el idioma para hablar con Dios…""

- Victor Hugo

Spanish is an Ibero-Romance language, and the second most natively spoken language in the entire world (after Mandarin Chinese) due to the enormous expanse of the Spanish Empire in its heyday. It's the national or official language of 21 countries, as well as one of the official languages of the UN and 13 other international organizations. In short, this is a big language. It's the most widely spoken language in the Western Hemisphere. See Spanish Literature.

Naturally, with all these people speaking it, considerable differences can arise between the various dialects; more on that later.

Noun
Nouns ain't too complicated in Spanish. Unlike its predecessor Latin, which had a casserole of case endings depending on the noun was used in a sentence, Spanish has nothing in that regard. Pan (bread) will stay pan no matter where or how it's used.

One thing that does present occasional problems (for English speakers primarily) is the gender. It's mostly an arbitrary attribute of the noun (el coche, "car," masculine; la mesa, "table," feminine), though when it comes to things that have actual gender they cling to that; you don't have that ridiculous business like in German where the word for "girl" is neuter. Spanish actually doesn't have a neuter gender at all; everything is either masculine or feminine. In addition, of the few nouns with mutable gender, the meaning stays the same. El mar and la mar both mean "the sea," so don't worry about talking about your pine tree hurting like in German.

Gender is quite a bit more intuitive than in many languages as well; in most cases, a noun's gender is clear from its ending; -o/-an is almost always masculine, whereas -a/-ción/-idad is almost always feminine...not to say that there aren't exceptions. Masculine nouns are more common than feminine ones, so if you're really lost guess masculine.

Of course, like any other language with gender, Spanish has its own headache-inducing part of it, and that would be the fact that some feminine nouns take the masculine singular article, while still being feminine grammatically (e.g., declension of adjectives), mostly for "flow" reasons. This occurs exclusively with feminine nouns that have a stressed a sound at the beginning. Thus, though still grammatically feminine, águila (eagle) takes the masculine article as el águila. With plurals, however, they do take the feminine ones, and thus las águilas, as the flow is not interrupted in this case with the feminine article.

Pronouns Pronouns in Spanish are used in a very similar fashion to English; however, they are often omitted unless the sentence requires additional emphasis. This is done because the verb tense already says who is the one talking and the pronoun doesn't convey any further information. Addition of unnecessary pronouns easily gives away that the writer has not gone past a few years of Spanish. For example: the sentence Hoy yo como en casa de mi madre (I eat today at my mother's house) doesn't seem too fluent because of the first person pronoun yo. The only commonly used subject pronouns are the third person ones, due to the ambiguity lacking a pronoun can sometimes cause, and yo in tenses where the first-person-singular and third-person-singular are identical (i.e., imperfect, conditional, and all subjunctive tenses). However, these are also often omitted if it's clear who the speaker is talking about.

A quick note on tú and usted: it really depends on where you are what pronoun you use in most situations. In Spain, for instance, usted is basically old hat, and essentially anyone you want to continue to meet in the future is tú, unless it's official business. In many Latin American countries, however, tú is seen as somewhat disrespectful by people who aren't your peers. Note also that in several Latin American countries around the Rio de la Plata, vos is used instead of tú.

On vosotros and ustedes meanwhile, vosotros is used ONLY in Spain. If you use it in Latin America, at best it will sound like saying "Tally-ho, Guvnah," in the US and at worst they won't know what you're talking about. You can get away with it as a nonnative speaker, but try to stick to ustedes even if you're in full-blown ceceo mode (more on that later as well).

Verbs
Of course, like any other language, Spanish has its area that makes nonnatives (and sometimes even natives) want to give themselves a lobotomy. In Spanish, like many other Romance languages, that would be verb conjugations.

The three possible verb endings are -ar, -er, and -ir. Each has its own conjugation patterns (now with 40% more irregulars!) for each tense, of which there are seventeen. Let's have a look at the conjugation tablets for three regular verbs of each type--hablar, comer and vivir--in present tense, indicative mood:


 * yo: hablo, como, vivo
 * tú: hablas, comes, vives
 * él/ella/usted: habla, come, vive
 * nosotros/as: hablamos, comemos, vivimos
 * vosotros/as: habláis, coméis, vivís
 * ellos/ellas/ustedes: hablan, comen, viven

Having fun yet? And that's just one tense out of seventeen. Every single tense has a table like this. Oh, and to add to the fun, in the Rioplatense dialect (Argentina, Uruguay, etc.) the pronoun vos has its own separate conjugation! So instead of hablas, it's vos hablás. If you're really curious, here are the full conjugation tablets for the three verbs above: hablar, comer, vivir (we have to confess, though: half the conjugations are composed forms and a few aren't even used).

The seventeen tenses, with usage notes, are as follows:


 * Present (el presente): Exactly What It Says on the Tin. While the progressive form does exist in Spanish, it's much less commonly used; the basic present form is typically used instead. By far the most important tense.
 * Preterite (el pretérito): The "once" or "X times" past. Distinct from the imperfect. Also, unlike English, used to describe pictures and the like; to ask "What's she saying?" for a comic panel or somesuch would be "¿Qué dijo ella?" Also often used in speech to replace the perfect tense, somewhat akin to English, especially around the Rio de la Plata.
 * Imperfect (el imperfecto): The "continuous" past. A tense of considerable importance. Some verbs only retain their past meaning in the imperfect and take on new meanings in the preterite; for example, "Yo ya sabía", (I already knew), but "Supe ayer" (I found out yesterday). Both forms are from saber, "to know." Also used for English past progressive, as in, "El esclavo llevaba la jarra cuando la dejó caer." - "The slave was carrying the jug when he dropped it."
 * Future (el futuro): Describes future events. Actually considered somewhat "high" speech, something like English "shall"; usually, the ir a + [infinitive] construction replaces it, like English "going to"/"gonna." Also used for certain statements regarding uncertainty or wondering, such as, "¿Qué hora será?", "What time could it be?"
 * Conditional (el condicional): Used to express things that would happen if a certain condition were met. For example: "Yo iría con ustedes, pero tengo que estudiar." (I would go with you guys, but I have to study.) If you didn't have to study, you'd be going with them, but you do, so you're not.
 * Present perfect (el pretérito perfecto): Essentially identical to the same tense in English; the best way to explain it is a "past action with present consequences." A compound tense, formed with a present tense form of haber. Often replaced by the preterite in casual speech. "Ya te he dicho lo que pienso." = "Ya te dije lo que pienso." "I [have] already told you what I think."
 * Pluperfect (el pretérito pluscuamperfecto): Again, essentially identical to the same tense in English. Used to describe something that had already happened before something else did. Another compound tense.
 * Past anterior (el pretérito anterior): Archaic, essentially replaced by the pluperfect, or in some cases the preterite.
 * Future perfect (el futuro compuesto): Used to express things that will have happened before something else does, essentially the same as in English, as you can see in this very sentence.
 * Conditional perfect (el condicional compuesto): Used to express a "hypothetical past action"; something that would have happened had a condition been met. Think of the last line every Scooby Doo villain says: "And I would have gotten away with it if it weren't for You Meddling Kids!" In Spanish, they would use the conditional perfect. ("¡Y yo habría tenido éxito sin ustedes muchachos entrometidos!")
 * Subjunctive present (el presente de subjuntivo): Hoo boy. The subjunctive is used when dealing with something that is either a wish, uncertain, or just not necessarily real (which extends to a lot more things than you might think). It's virtually always in a clause with que. The exact peculiarities of the subjunctive mood are very, very complicated, but suffice to say, if it has a que clause and you're not 100% certain it's real, go with the subjunctive. The subjunctive present specifically is used when the preceding clause is in the present or future tense.
 * Subjunctive imperfect (el imperfecto de subjuntivo): The subtleties of the subjunctive mood were explained above. This one is used when the preceding clause is in the imperfect, preterite, conditional, or the present, past, and conditional perfects. Also used to express the condition used to fulfill the conditional tense: "Yo comería si tuviera hambre." (I'd eat if I were hungry.)
 * Subjunctive future (el futuro de subjuntivo): Virtually obsolete, except in legalese. It used to be used when the preceding clause was in the future tense, which has been overtaken by the subjunctive present.
 * Subjunctive present perfect (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo): Used primarily to express subjunctive past actions when the the preceding clause was in the present tense.
 * Subjunctive pluperfect (el pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo): Used to express the condition of something for the conditional tense primarily.
 * Subjunctive future prefect (el futuro compuesto de subjuntivo): Obsolete entirely.
 * Imperative (el imperativo): Used to give commands. This is actually an incomplete tense; commands can obviously only be given to a "you," or as a "let's [do something]." For the tú and vosotros forms, there are actually two forms, affirmative and negative.

Spelling, Sounds, and the Like
Spanish's sound system and especially its orthography aren't that hard to get used to. Spelling gives all the info needed for pronunciation (the opposite also holds true) and each letter has one pronunciation (with the exception of c and g); you don't have the long vs. short vowel distinction that can cause a minor fiasco in some other languages like English.

There are digraphs, for the records.


 * A: like father
 * E: between bed and bay; more towards bay at the end of a word.
 * I: like seem
 * O: like hole
 * U: like rude

The following letters and digraphs are noticeably different from English pronunciation:
 * C: In Spain, before i or e, pronounced like the th in think but drawn out like s. In Latin America, it's s like in English. Uno, dos, tres, cuatro, thinco, thinco, seis!
 * CH: Always like in match, unless the word is foreign.
 * D: Between vowels, often pronounced like a soft, voiced th, as in this.
 * G: Also before e or i, this changes from the normal goat sound into, depending on the region, either the h in house, the ch in loch or Bach, or hardly pronounced at all.
 * GU: A hard g in front of e or i; gw in all other cases.
 * H: Never, ever said.
 * J: Same as g above, except in all cases. If you ever see Hispanics on Facebook typing "jajajaja", this is why.
 * LL: Usually pronounced like the y in year, though in Spain it's supposed to be pronounced like an Italian gl as in figlio.
 * QU: Always a k. "Quiero que el queso se quede" is pronounced "Kyero ke el keso se kede." (Incidentally, that means "I want the cheese to stay.")
 * R: Flapped, as in the d's in pudding. Except when beginning a word; then it reads as...
 * RR: The famous "rolled r," as in the ridiculously exaggerated ¡Arrrrrrrrrrrriba! Think making a machine gun noise with your mouth.
 * V: Pronounced like a b; Spanish doesn't distinguish, although they are pronounced more like the English v between vowels.
 * Y: Pronounced like the y in "year". When ending a word, like a semiconsonantal i. ("rey" is read as "ray")
 * Z: Pronounced, again only in Spain, as a "th."


 * X: In standard Spanish it's always pronounced as in "exit". But Spaniards used it to represent several different sounds on Aztec and Mayan languages, so in Mayincatec words that crossed over to Mexican Spanish it can be read like "s", "sh", "j" (That's how you should pronounce it "Mexico", by the way) and also "x". Funny thing, just by how a word is written you can't tell how it should be pronounced.

While we're on the z and c sounds...

Lithpth and Shoshos: Spanish Dialects and Accents
The biggest contrast among the dialects is between the Spanish spoken in Spain and Latin American Spanish. This is best seen in two features, ceceo/seseo and the vosotros pronoun and conjugation.

Ceceo and seseo refer to how soft c and z are pronounced in various regions. As noted above, in Spain, those two letters are pronounced like an English unvoiced th ("ceceo"). In Latin America, they pronounced both as an s (seseo), which makes learning English phonology slightly more difficult, but also is more intuitive to English speakers learning Spanish. On the other end of the spectrum, there are some regions in Spain where all "s" sounds are pronounced like th, even standalone S's, so you get things like, "¡Por favor, Theñor Jueth, no mande uthted mi hijo a prithión!" Thus the famous "Spaniard lisp," that you see in lots of Antonio Banderas movies.

The other major difference is the vosotros pronoun. It is used only in Spain, replaced by ustedes in all of Latin America, though a few isolated areas retain the conjugation but not the pronoun itself. Vosotros is the second person, plural, familiar register pronoun, essentially a plural tú, and enjoys common usage in Spain, but in Latin America sounds like a thick South London accent and dialect would in the US.

There is a special pronoun that is used in some areas of South America, however, which is amusingly derived from vosotros, vos. This dialect is known as voseo, and is used primarily in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Colombia. The conjugation of the vos pronoun is a modified form of the vosotros conjugation, resulting in tú puedes becoming vos podés (compare vosotros podéis).

Voseo happens to be one of the features of the Rioplatense dialect, which takes its name from the Rio de la Plata, the area where it's spoken; this is mainly the countries of Argentina and Uruguay. The other main features of the dialect are the consonantal shift of y and ll to either a sh or zh (measure) sound, hence the "Shoshos" (Yoyos) of the title, resulting in ayer sounding like "ah-SHARE" or "ah-ZHARE" instead of "ah-YAIR"; and also the almost entire elimination of the present perfect tense, which enjoys some usage in most other areas.

Acentos y tildes: ¡un montón de ñaña! Aparte, ¿qué pasó con la puntuación?
One famous feature of Spanish orthography is its diacritics, specifically acute accents and tildes. The acute accents, unlike some other languages, such as Hungarian or Polish, where they distinguish sounds, accents in Spanish are used only to mark stress or to distinguish homonyms. You'll notice, however, that it's not marked on every word, and that's because they only mark stress if the word breaks Da Rules, which are:
 * If the word ends in a vowel, "-n," or "-s," the stress goes on the penultimate syllable. Examples: queso, chico, umbra, oscuro.
 * If it ends in any other consonant, it's on the last one. Examples: pared, hablar, escolar, policial, carnet.

Besides the acute accent, Spanish is also famous for the eñe letter, "ñ." This is pronounced approximately like "ny," so "ñaña" above would be pronounced "nyanya." (This happens to be a sort of cutesy word for "crap" in a few dialects.)

Another difference of Spanish punctuation is their disuse of quotation marks. Dialogue is denoted by long "em" dashes (—), and quotes and phrases are surrounded by comillas angulares, or angular quotes, used in most Romance languages, which look like this: «Se usan las comillas angulares para marcar las citas.»

But perhaps the most famous feature of Spanish orthography is the inverted question mark (or "interrogation point," for any Brits reading this) and exclamation point. Like just about any feature of language, this has its uses—it helps isolate the question or exclamation in a compound sentence, for example—but these two marks are so rare among languages that they're often simply called "that Spanish upside-down thing."

The title of this section, incidentally, means "Accents and Tildes: A Load of Crap! Also, what happened with the punctuation?"

No molestar - False Friends, Swear Words, and Other Things
The nature of semantic drift naturally ensures that "false friends" will arise. Probably the most famous, as shown above, is molestar, which is a perfectly innocent and mundane word in Spanish meaning "bother," but obviously means something more...extreme in English. This really isn't that difficult, but an English speaker who's sort of half-listening may still be caught off guard by a phrase such as, Aunque él me molestaba, yo le amaba todavía. ("Even though he bothered me, I still loved him." We're not talking Stockholm Syndrome here.)

Another potentially hilarious false friend is embarazar, the opposite situation of molestar; it means "impregnate," not "embarrass," which in Spanish is humillar (lit. "humiliate"). This led to a rather famous case of Bite the Wax Tadpole where a pen company advertised their product with the slogan, "It won't leak in your pocket and get you pregnant." One has to wonder exactly what sort of ink such a pen would be using...

But the most irritating false friends have to be the troll pair of atender and asistir. They sound like English "attend" and "assist" respectively, so you'd think this would be easy, right? Wrong. Atender means "to assist"...and asistir means "to attend"!

Now for the good stuff, though: profanity! We've saved the best for last. Here are all the expressions you need to know to know when to hit someone (when they're said at you) or duck (when you say them). Also convenient for use in non-Spanish-speaking circles.


 * Mierda = Shit (chances are you already knew this one)
 * Cojones= Balls (likewise)
 * Carajo = In Spain, a weird way to say penis. Everywhere else, an interjection roughly equivalent to damn, fuck, or in some cases hell.
 * Cabrón = "big goat", but meaning "cuckold", equates to asshole, fucker or bastard. Can be used casually among friends, but don't use it with strangers.
 * Pendejo= "pubic hair", roughly idiot or jackass, with an added connotation of willful incompetence. Rarely used in Spain, and much, much stronger in Puerto Rico
 * Joder = Fuck (used rather like it is in English; estamos jodidos means "we're fucked."). Almost never conjugated in anything but past participle (The expletive "fuck!" would simply be joder! and "That fucking test" would be Ese jodido examen, although most would say puto or something similar instead). "Fuck you!" would be translated as ¡Jodete!. In Latin America it is a vulgar word for bother.
 * Chingar = Fuck (almost an exact synonym for joder, but used more often in Mexico, whereas joder is practically a comma for the Spanish.
 * Follar = refers to the specific biological act of intercourse. Extremely vulgar, not usually heard, since most swear-worthy situations are covered by joder or chingar.
 * ¿Qué diablos? or ¿Qué demonios? = What the hell? (Lit. "What devils?" or "What demons?")
 * Maldito/a = (God)damn (again, rather used like in English; can be either an interjection or adjective)
 * Maldición = Literally "malediction" or "curses", but more commonly translated as "damnit" or similar.
 * Tomar = Slang for drinking spirit; literally, "take." Completely innocuous for most situations, such as photography (Tomar unas fotos). An important exception would be taking a person to a place, for which the verb "llevar" is used. "Tomé a mi hermana al prom", for example, means you and your sister have some explaining to do.
 * Puto/a = Bitch/whore; "hijo de puta" equates to "son of a bitch."
 * Coger = Literally "get or take" but has evolved into "fuck" in most Latin American countries. Recoger is the non-profane version. Spaniards use "coger" for most forms of public transportation and as a synonym for a non-vulgar "tomar."
 * Cagar = The verb form of "shit". Often used to construct colorful oaths like ¡Me cago en la leche! ("I shit in the milk!"). Cagada means "shitty" or "full of shit".
 * Coño = Country Matters. Though notably quite less serious than in (at least American) English. "¿Qué coño ___?" equates to "What the fuck ___?" in peninsular Spanish (see note below on profanity in Spain).
 * Culo = Ass. De mi culo is "my ass." A father of a teenage daughter, when she says where she goes with her date, may say "'Vamos al cine' de mi culo." ("'We're going to the movies' my ass.")
 * Pajero = Wanker/douchebag/jackoff. Mitsubishi fortunately avoided biting the wax tadpole on this one.
 * Polla = Literally "hen", but often used to mean "dick". ¡Chupame la polla! means "Suck my dick!"

An interesting note about Spanish is the frequency of Cluster F-Bomb in common speech, particularly in Spain. Spanish speakers tend to use stronger swear words and use them more often. The prevalence of this in Spain is said to be due to the Franco regime's oppressive enforcement of clean-mouthed-ness; when that regime fell, people began cussing left, right, and center. By far the most common word is joder, the proper inflection and placement of which takes practice, said by everybody from chavales (boys, preteens), to abuelitas (little old ladies). Truly offensive peninsular profanity relies on blasphemy and creativity. Hostias, or "host" (as in sacrament) is somewhat more offensive than joder, while Me cago en Dios y las tetas de la Virgen (I shit upon God and the Virgin Mary's tits) means you probably just amputated something. Overly agressive or profane swearing (even moreso than these latter examples) is possible, but rare and mostly used in derivative works for comedic effect, such as "Te voy a sacar los putos ojos y me voy a mear en los agujeros para que te cueza".