Mainframes and Minicomputers



In the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s, computers were room-sized or refrigerator-sized monsters that cost a fortune (as in "as much as your house and every other house on the whole street combined"). They were not very powerful or plentiful, so their time was precious. They were also the mainstay of the world of big business; before IBM loaned an air of business legitimacy to the microcomputer with the introduction of the IBM Personal Computer, and even for another decade afterward, almost all business computing was done on IBM 360 and 370 mainframes.

But around 1952, time away from Serious Business was granted. The result, for better or worse, was the first Video Games being written.

Of particular interest to gamers is Digital Equipment Corporation's Programmed Data Processor family of minicomputers. The PDPs were the first computers designed with cost as a consideration. This made them more plentiful and less critical than mainframes. The PDP-1, PDP-7, and PDP-8 (1960-65) had computing horsepower similar to the Apple II or the original IBM Personal Computer. The PDP-11 (1970) was closer to a 286 PC/AT or the original Apple Macintosh. The PDP-6 and PDP-10 (1963-66) were much larger and considered mainframes. All models supported video output, so they were powerful enough to play games and cheap enough for universities to buy two or three and let their students do what they wanted with them. The Playful Hacker culture starts here, as do video games.

Another important source of early videogaming was the PLATO network, which began in the early 1960s and peaked in the 1970s. What started as a digital learning assistant ended up as a prototype of the world-wide web with email, message boards, chat rooms, and multiplayer online games. Multi User Dungeons and online shooters start here.

As you'd expect, Ur Examples abound.

Games:

 * Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device (1947)
 * OXO (1952, unique mainframe)
 * Nim (1952, unique mainframe)
 * Tennis for Two (1958, military-derived custom hardware)
 * Space War (1962, PDP-1)
 * Lunar Lander (1969, PDP-8)
 * Space Travel (1969, Multics system; UNIX was invented so it could be ported to a PDP-7)
 * Star Trek Text Game (1971, SDS Sigma 7 mainframe)
 * Hunt the Wumpus (1972, University of Massachusetts mainframes)
 * Empire (1973, PLATO network)
 * Maze War (1973, Imlac PDS-1 graphics minicomputer)
 * Spasim (1974, PLATO network)
 * Colossal Cave (1975, PDP-10)
 * Dnd (1975, PLATO network)
 * Dungeon (1975, PDP-10)
 * Moria (1975, PLATO network)
 * Panther (1975, PLATO network)
 * Air (1977, mainframe)
 * Avatar (1978, PLATO network)
 * Multi-User Dungeon (1978, PDP-10)
 * Zork (1979, PDP-10)
 * Rogue (1980, Unix system)
 * Tetris (1985, Elektronika-60 {a Soviet PDP-11 clone})