Towers of Hanoi

A classic Stock Puzzle, invented in 1883 by Edouard Lucas. The player is given three poles in a row, and at least three discs of different sizes stacked on the pole on one side. The object is to get the discs from the pole on one side to the pole on the other by moving the discs, one at a time, from one pole to another, in as few moves as possible. The player can only move the top disc on any stack, and cannot place a bigger disc on a smaller disc.

There is an (apocryphal) legend about a lost temple where the priests of Brahma, in accordance with an ancient prophecy, basically spend their time playing Towers of Hanoi... with 64 disks of solid gold. Furthermore, the prophecy states that when the puzzle is finally solved, the world will end. That legend is a Dan Browning from Lucas himself, which he distributed with the original puzzle under the Significant Anagram N. Claus (De Siam), for E. Lucas (D'Amiens). Note that if this legend were true, even if the priests were able to move one disc per second, it would take 584,942,417,355 years, 26 days, 7 hours and 15 seconds for them to solve it. So we have nothing to worry about in any case.

Often used as an introduction to the concept of recursion in programming classes. Solving it requires moving n-1 discs onto the vacant pole, then the nth disc onto the target, then the previous pile of n-1 discs on top of that one, thus requiring a total of (2^n)-1 moves. It's also a common, seemingly random obstacle in video games.

The recursive solution is, roughly:

(1) If there is only one disk move it directly from the source peg to the target peg. Otherwise: (2) Ignore the bottom disk of the tower on the source peg, and solve the Towers of Hanoi problem from the source peg to the spare peg, using the target peg as a spare. The spare peg now has a tower of n-1 disks on it, and the source peg has one disk (the biggest) on it. (3) Move the single disk from the source peg to the target peg. (4) Solve the Towers of Hanoi problem from the spare peg to the target peg using the source peg as a spare.

This counts as a solution because the "solve the Towers of Hanoi" steps in (2) and (4) are for towers one disk smaller than the previous. Solving the problem for n disks can be done if you know how to do it for n-1 disks, which can be done if you know how to do it for n-2 disks, &c... until you get down to doing it for one disk, which is trivial.

If the disks are numbered, human solvers can use as a memory aid the fact that it is never correct to place an odd-numbered disk directly on top of another odd-numbered disk, and likewise for even-numbered disks.

Amusingly, at least one Brahmin monastery has adopted the puzzle as a genuine devotional exercise, using approximately 30 brass discs. No word if the puzzle's completion will mark the end of the current universe.

Card Games

 * Perplex City borrows the Hindu legend for the card Tower of Cubes, though their temple only has 36 cubes to work with, and completing the puzzle will end all sorrow and grief in the universe.
 * If you move one disc per second, this would take 2,179 years, 29 days, 7 hours, 32 minutes and 15 seconds. Not as long as the other example.

Fan Fiction

 * In the System Shock fanfic Free Radical, a robot was set to do a twenty-piece version to prevent SHODAN from being able to connect to it when it went for new orders.

Film

 * "Bright Eyes" the ape in Rise of the Planet of the Apes is seen flying through this puzzle, though it was a four disc variant and she was tested on it repeatedly.

Literature

 * In Eric Frank Russell's story Now Inhale, the protagonist is sentenced to death on an alien world. Traditionally, the condemned plays a game with the warder, and when it ends (win or lose) he is executed. To stretch the game out until rescuers arrive, our hero chooses the Towers of Hanoi, referencing the above legend. When the aliens discover they've been duped, they change the rules so that offworld games are not allowed.

Live-Action TV

 * In the Doctor Who serial "The Celestial Toymaker" (now a Lost Episode, but available on audio), the Doctor is challenged to solve a 10-disc version of the Towers of Hanoi, known as The Trilogic Game. The Doctor realises that the Toymaker's world will vanish once he makes the last move,.
 * On Survivor Thailand (U.S. season 5), a version of this puzzle was an immunity challenge.

MMORPG

 * The MMORPG Ever Quest has a quest where you have to play Towers of Hanoi, although they don't call it that.

Video Games

 * One of the activities in Math Blaster Pre-Algebra is a variation on the Towers of Hanoi where barrels in the basement must be stacked to solve a math problem. Rather than varying sizes of barrels, it uses varying numbers on the barrels which must add up to the number on the platform. There are three places to put the barrels and four barrels. There are two platforms which may or may not have different numbers.
 * It shows up in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic and Mass Effect, both made by Bioware.
 * Expanded upon in Star Wars: The Old Republic, which uses repeated solving of the puzzle as part of the activation of a plasma vent used in the penultimate Boss Fight of Karagga's Palace
 * In Dragon Age the trope itself is mocked by the developers, as you can find the gravestone for T. Hanoi. "Unloved, unmourned."
 * A side quest in Black and White has you doing this to move a temple further up the shore of a lake so it doesn't get flooded out during high tide. The inclusion of "classic" puzzles caused some reviewers to wonder whether Hanoi Towers and garbage collecting is really what gods do.
 * The stairway puzzle in Ultima VIII is a version with stair steps.
 * This is the last puzzle in the game Hand of Fate.
 * To finish Zork Zero, the player has to go through this twice (at least). Even nastier, you're not allowed to save while in the room, and if you put a big disc onto a smaller one, it crushes the smaller one, making the game Unwinnable. Hope you saved often!
 * Subverted in the Interactive Fiction game The Magic Toyshop, where you're challenged to solve the puzzle in only six moves.
 * Professor Layton and the Diabolical Box, which uses pancakes in place of discs and plates instead of pegs.
 * A side mission to explore an abandoned mansion in Space Rangers 2 has this as one of the puzzles.
 * The third screen in The Island of Dr Brain has this puzzle with 4, 5, or 7 discs, depending on the difficulty. Expect to be there a while on Expert difficulty making 127 moves.
 * The Tire Tower puzzle in The Secret Island of Dr. Quandary. 3 tires as B. Ginner, 4 as O.D. Nary, 5 as D. Feecult, and each with a limit on the moves you can use before your time is up and Quandary kicks you out of the junkyard.
 * Appears in its four-tier form in Mystery of Mortlake Mansion.

Real Life

 * A common test (amongst others) for diagnosing schizophrenia. Schizoid-type disorders are notable for an inability to plan means-to-a-goal actions and so are impaired at the puzzle.