Three Plus Five Make Four

You have two containers, one that holds 3 liters and one that holds 5 liters, and access to a water source. Place exactly 4 liters of water into a third container (one that holds at least 5 liters, so that you can't simply fill the container to the brim and be done with it).

The solution is as follows:
 * 1) First, fill the 3-liter container to the brim.
 * 2) Pour the 3 liters of water into the 5-liter container.
 * 3) Fill the 3-liter container again.
 * 4) Pour water from the 3-liter container into the 5-liter container until it is filled to the brim. This should leave you with 1 liter of water in the 3-liter container.
 * 5) Empty out the 5-liter container, then pour the 1 liter of water into it from the 3-liter container.
 * 6) Fill the 3-liter container once more, then pour the water from both containers into the third container.

An alternate solution with fewer fills:
 * 1) Fill the 5-liter container.
 * 2) Fill the 3-liter container from the 5-liter container, leaving 2 liters.
 * 3) Empty the 3-liter container. Then, pour the remaining 2 liters from the 5- to the 3-liter container.
 * 4) Refill the 5-liter, then fill the 3-liter from the 5-liter container. Leaving 4 liters in the 5-liter container.

Another alternate solution, though this one requires several assumptions: The containers must have at least one line of symmetry when looking at them from the top, and they must have a constant width. (Cylinders or rectangular prisms meet this requirement.)
 * 1) Fill the 5-liter container, then place one part of the bottom down, and tilt it until the water level makes a straight line from the upper edge of the bottom to the bottom edge of the lip.
 * 2) Do the same thing with the 3-liter container, and pour it into the 5-liter container.
 * 3) 2.5 + 1.5 = 4

It bears noting that this puzzle, like many other stock puzzles, is usually difficult only because the solver is overthinking it. In practice, if you actually have the two jugs, and you just start filling one jug and pouring it into the other, the solution presents itself very quickly. (This is incorporated in some tellings of the riddle, which demand that you come up with the answer in less than a minute, as an Aesop about the value of trying things out rather than just sitting there thinking.)

Maths nerd bit: You're looking for the smallest x and y that satisfy 3x−5y=4; then fill the 3-liter x times, pouring it into the 5-liter when full, and emptying the 5-liter when it's full (which you'll do y times). The solution is x=3 and y=1. The alternate solution up there is the dual formulation, 5x−3y=4 (x=2, y=2). From here, two details present themselves: one, that it's easily adaptable to other values other than 3 and 5, and two, that a solution exists only if the target value is either a factor or a multiple of the highest common factor of the container sizes (e.g. you can't get 4 liters from 6- and 3-liter containers).

Alternate Reality Game

 * Perplex City used this one on a card.

Film

 * In the movie Die Hard With a Vengeance, the two main characters must solve this type of puzzle in order to disarm a bomb near a public fountain.

Video Games

 * This puzzle appears in Knights of the Old Republic on Manaan, and solving it is a prerequisite for the "good" ending on that planet.
 * This puzzle and several variants appear in the Professor Layton series.
 * A slight variant with different values in Zork Zero, a game almost entirely composed of stock puzzles.
 * This puzzle appears pretty much verbatim in The Castle of Dr. Brain, an old MS-DOS game where you essentially had to solve nothing but different types of puzzles from all across the spectrum in order to progress through the titular castle.
 * A variation of this puzzle occurs in Fatal Hearts, where you need ⅔ cup of flour but have only an 800ml cup and a 100ml cup. The puzzle's not too hard if you're good at conversions.
 * An apparently more complex version of this classic puzzle appears at the end of Sherlock Holmes Versus Arsene Lupin, where you have to measure exactly 478cc of black powder with only 250cc, 80cc and 12cc containers at your disposal. I say apparently only, because.
 * Appears in Runescape, among other Stock Puzzles.
 * Appears in Phantasmat as an unusual method of switching on a generator.
 * Appears in Phantasmat as an unusual method of switching on a generator.